A Little Bit About Malaysia.

The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a large role in politics. The constitution declares Islam the state religionwhile protecting freedom of religion. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. He is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the Prime Minister.

Malaysia (Malaysian pronunciation: [malajsiə]) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia(Malaysian Borneo). Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore,Vietnam, and Indonesia. East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with thePhilippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. In 2010 the population was 28.33 million, with 22.6 million living in Peninsular Malaysia. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia, located in the tropics. It is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species.

Malaysia has its origins in the Malay Kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire. The first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963, with si being added to give the new country the name Malaysia. Less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation.

Since independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing at an average 6.5% per annum for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fueled by its natural resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism. Today, Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked third largest in Southeast Asia and 29th largest in the world. It is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the East Asia Summit and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and a member of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Non-Aligned Movement.

History

Main article: History of Malaysia

Evidence of modern human habitation in Malaysia dates back 40,000 years.^[34] In the Malay Peninsular, the first inhabitants are thought to be Negritos.^[35] Traders and settlers from India and China arrived as early as the 1st century AD, establishing trading ports and coastal towns in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Their presence resulted in strong Indian and Chinese influence on the local cultures, and the people of the Malay Peninsula adopted the religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. Sanskrit inscriptions appear as early as the 4th or 5th century.^[36]The Kingdom of Langkasuka arose around the 2nd century in the northern area of the Malay Peninsula, lasting until about the 15th century.^[30] Between the 7th and 13th centuries, much of the southern Malay Peninsula was part of the maritime Srivijaya empire. After the fall of Srivijaya, the Majapahit empire had influence over most of Peninsular Malaysia and the Malay Archipelago.^[37] Islam began to spread among Malays in the 14th century.^[3] In the early 15th century, Parameswara, a prince of the former Srivijayan empire, founded theMalacca Sultanate, commonly considered the first independent state in the peninsula area.^[38] Malacca was an important commercial centre during this time, attracting trade from around the region

In 1511 Malacca was conquered by Portugal,^[3] after which it was taken by the Dutch in 1641. In 1786 the British Empire established a presence in Malaya, when the Sultan of Kedah leased Penang to the British East India Company. The British obtained the town ofSingapore in 1819,^[39] and in 1824 took control of Malacca following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty. By 1826 the British directly controlled Penang, Malacca, Singapore, and the island ofLabuan, which they established as the crown colony of the Straits Settlements. By the 20th century, the states of Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, known together as the Federated Malay States, had British Residents appointed to advise the Malay rulers, to whom the rulers were bound to defer by treaty.^[40] The remaining five states in the peninsula, known as the Unfederated Malay States, while not directly under British rule, also accepted British advisers around the turn of the 20th century. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. Under British rule the immigration of Chinese and Indians to serve as labourers was encouraged.^[41] The area that is now Sabah came under British control as North Borneo when both the Sultan of Brunei and the Sultan of Sulu transferred their respective territorial rights of ownership, between 1877 and 1878.^[42] In 1842, Sarawak was ceded by the Sultan of Brunei to James Brooke, whose successors ruled as the White Rajahs over an independentkingdom until 1946, when it became a Crown colony.^[43]

In the Second World War the Japanese army invaded and occupied Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore for over three years. During this time, ethnic tensions were raised and nationalism grew.^[44] Popular support for independence increased after Malaya was reconquered by Allied Forces.^[45] Post-war British plans to unite the administration of Malaya under a single crown colony called theMalayan Union met with strong opposition from the Malays, who opposed the weakening of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to the ethnic Chinese. The Malayan Union, established in 1946 and consisting of all the British possessions in the Malay Peninsula with the exception of Singapore, was quickly dissolved and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay states under British protection.^[46] During this time, mostly Chinese rebels under the leadership of the Malayan Communist Partylaunched guerrilla operations designed to force the British out of Malaya. The Malayan Emergency lasted from 1948 to 1960, and involved a long anti-insurgency campaign by Commonwealth troops in Malaya.^[47] After this a plan was put in place to federate Malaya with the crown colonies of North Borneo (which joined as Sabah), Sarawak, and Singapore. The proposed date of federation was 31 August 1963, however, the date was delayed until 16 September 1963 due to opposition from Indonesia's Sukarno and the Sarawak United Peoples' Party.^[48]

Federation brought heightened tensions including a conflict with Indonesia, Singapore's eventual exit in 1965,^[49][50] and racial strife. This strife culminated in the 13 May race riots in 1969.^[51] After the riots, the controversial New Economic Policy was launched by Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak, trying to increase the share of the economy held by the bumiputera.^[52] Under Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad there was a period of rapid economic growth and urbanisation beginning in the 1980s. The economy shifted from being agriculturally based to one based on manufacturing and industry. Numerous mega-projects were completed, such as the Petronas Towers, theNorth-South Expressway, the Multimedia Super Corridor, and the new federal administrative capital of Putrajaya.^[32] However, in the late 1990s the Asian financial crisis almost caused the collapse of the currency and the stock and property markets.^[53]

Government and politics

Main articles: Politics of Malaysia and Government of Malaysia

Malaysia is a federal constitutional elective monarchy. The system of government is closely modelled on that of the Westminsterparliamentary system, a legacy of British colonial rule.^[54] The head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, commonly referred to as the King. The King is elected to a five-year term by and from among the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states; the other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection. By informal agreement the position is systematically rotated among the nine,^[54]and has been held by Abdul Halim of Kedah since December 2011.^[55] The King's role has been largely ceremonial since changes to theconstitution in 1994, picking ministers and members of the upper house.^[56]

Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. The bicameral federal parliament consists of the lower house, theHouse of Representatives and the upper house, the Senate.^[57] The 222-member House of Representatives is elected for a maximum term of five years from single-member constituencies. All 70 senators sit for three-year terms; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, and the remaining 44 are appointed by the King upon the Prime Minister's recommendation.^[3] The parliament follows a multi-party system and the government is elected through a first-past-the-post system. Since independence Malaysia has been governed by a multi-party coalition known as the Barisan Nasional.^[3]

Each state has a unicameral State Legislative Assembly whose members are elected from single-member constituencies. State governments are led by Chief Ministers,^[3] who are state assembly members from the majority party in the assembly. In each of the states with a hereditary ruler, the Chief Minister is normally required to be a Malay, appointed by the ruler upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister.^[58] Parliamentary elections are held at least once every five years, the most recent of which took place in March 2008.^[3]Registered voters of age 21 and above may vote for the members of the House of Representatives and, in most of the states, for the state legislative chamber. Voting is not mandatory.^[59] Except for state elections in Sarawak, by convention state elections are held concurrently with the federal election.^[56]

Executive power is vested in the Cabinet, led by the Prime Minister. The prime minister must be a member of the house of representatives, who in the opinion of the King, commands a majority in parliament. The cabinet is chosen from members of both houses of Parliament.^[3] The Prime Minister is both the head of cabinet and the head of government.^[56] The incumbent, Najib Razak, appointed in 2009, is the sixth prime minister.^[60]

Malaysia's legal system is based on English Common Law.^[3] Although the judiciary is theoretically independent, its independence has been called into question and the appointment of judges lacks accountability and transparency.^[61] The highest court in the judicial system is the Federal Court, followed by the Court of Appeal and two high courts, one for Peninsular Malaysia and one for East Malaysia. Malaysia also has a special court to hear cases brought by or against Royalty.^[62] Separate from the civil courts are the Syariah Courts, which apply Shariah law to cases which involve Malaysian Muslims^[63] and run parallel to the secular court system.^[64] The Internal Security Act allows detention without trial, and thedeath penalty is in use for crimes such as drug trafficking.^[65]

Race is a significant force in politics, and many political parties are ethnically based.^[3] Affirmative actions such as the New Economic Policy^[52] and the National Development Policy which superseded it, were implemented to advance the standing of the bumiputera, consisting of Malays and the indigenous tribes who are considered the original inhabitants of Malaysia, over non-bumiputera such as Malaysian Chinese and Malaysian Indians.^[66] These policies provide preferential treatment to bumiputera in employment, education, scholarships, business, and access to cheaper housing and assisted savings. However, it has generated greater interethnic resentment.^[67] There is ongoing debate over whether the laws and society of Malaysia should reflect secular or Islamic principles.^[68] Islamic laws passed by the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party in state legislative assemblies have been blocked by the federal government.^[69]

Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of Malaysia

Proboscis monkey in Borneo, has been declared by Tourism Malaysia as the official mascot for "Visit Malaysia 2014".^[114]

Malaysia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1993, and became a party to the convention on 24 June 1994.^[115]It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 16 April 1998.^[116]The country is megadiverse with a high number of species and high levels of endemism.^[117] It is estimated to contain 20 per cent of the world's animal species.^[118] High levels of endemism are found on the diverse forests of Borneo's mountains, as species are isolated from each other by lowland forest.^[103]

Animals

Hawksbill sea turtle in waters around Sipadan.

There are about 210 mammal species in the country.^[119] Over 620 species of birds have been recorded in Peninsular Malaysia,^[118] with many endemic to the mountains there. A high number of endemic bird species are also found in Malaysian Borneo.^[103] 250 reptile species have been recorded in the country, with about 150 species of snakes^[120] and 80 species of lizards.^[119] There are about 150 species of frogs,^[119] and thousands of insect species.^[119] Malaysia's exclusive economic zone is 1.5 times larger than its land area,^[121] and some of its waters are in the Coral Triangle, a biodiversity hotspot.^[122] The waters around Sipadan island are the most biodiverse in the world.^[118]Bordering East Malaysia, the Sulu Sea is a biodiversity hotspot, with around 600 coral species and 1200 fish species.^[123]

Fungi

Nearly 4000 species of fungi, including lichen-forming species have been recorded from Malaysia. Of the two fungal groups with the largest number of species in Malaysia, the Ascomycota and their asexual states have been surveyed in some habitats (decaying wood, marine and freshwater ecosystems, as parasites of some plants, and as agents of biodegradation), but have not been or have been only poorly surveyed in other habitats (as endobionts, in soils, on dung, as human and animal pathogens); the Basidiomycota are only partly surveyed: bracket fungi, and mushrooms and toadstools have been studied, but Malaysian rust and smut fungi remain very poorly known. Without doubt, many more fungal species in Malaysia have not yet been recorded, and it is likely that many of those, when found, will be new to science.^[124]

Some species of Rafflesia can grow up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in diameter, making them the largest flowers in the world.

Plants

About two thirds of Malaysia is covered in forest,^[106] with some forests believed to be 130 million years old.^[119] The forests are dominated by dipterocarps.^[125] Lowland forest covers areas below 760 m (2,490 ft),^[106] and formerly East Malaysia was covered in such rainforest,^[125] which is supported by its hot wet climate.^[103] There are around 14,500 species of flowering plants and trees.^[119] Besides rainforests, there are over 1,425 km² (550 sq mi) of mangroves in Malaysia,^[106] and a large amount of peat forest. At higher altitudes, oaks, chestnuts, and rhododendrons replace dipterocarps.^[103] There are an estimated 8,500 species of vascular plants in Peninsular Malaysia, with another 15,000 in the East.^[126] The forests of East Malaysia are estimated to be the habitat of around 2,000 tree species, and are one of the most biodiverse areas in the world, with 240 different species of trees every hectare.^[103] These forests host many members of the Rafflesia genus, the largest flowers in the world,^[125] with a maximum diameter of 1 m (3 ft 3 in).^[119]

Conservation issues

Main article: Environmental issues in Malaysia

Logging, along with cultivation practices has devastated tree cover, causing severe environmental degradation in the country. Over 80 per cent of Sarawak's rainforest has been cleared.^[103] Floods in East Malaysia have been worsened by the loss of trees, and over 60 per cent of the Peninsular's forest have been cleared.^[119] With current rates of deforestation, the forests are predicted to be extinct by 2020.^[103] Deforestation is a major problem for animals, fungi and plants, as the forest is cut to make room for plantations.^[127] Most remaining forest is found inside national parks.^[119] Habitat destruction has proved a threat for marine life.^[123] Illegal fishing is another major threat,^[123] with fishing methods such as dynamite fishing and poisoning depleting marine ecosystems.^[128] Leatherback turtle numbers have dropped 98 per cent since the 1950s.^[120] Hunting has also been an issue for some animals,^[119] with overconsumption and the use of animal parts for profit endangering many animals, from marine life^[123] to tigers.^[127] Marine life is also detrimentally affected by uncontrolled tourism.^[129]

The Malaysian government aims to balance economic growth with environmental protection, but has been accused of favouring big business over the environment.^[119] Some state governments are now trying to counter the environmental impact and pollution created by deforestation;^[125] and the federal government is trying to cut logging by 10 per cent each year. 28 national parks have been established; 23 in East Malaysia and five in the Peninsular.^[119] Tourism has been limited in biodiverse areas such as Sipadan island.^[129] Animal trafficking is a large issue, and the Malaysian government is holding talks with the governments of Brunei and Indonesia to standardise anti-trafficking laws.^[130]

Biodiversity of Malaysia

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, the national flower of Malaysia

Mount Kinabalu, Kinabalu Park

Malayan tiger, Malaysia's national animal

Forest reserve in Taman Negara National Park

Culture

Main article: Culture of Malaysia

A cook making murtabak, a type of pancake mixed with eggs, small pieces of meat and onions, in Kuala Lumpur.

Malaysia has a multi-ethnic, multicultural, and multilingual society. The original culture of the area stemmed from indigenous tribes that inhabited it, along with the Malays who later moved there. Substantial influence exists from Chinese and Indian culture, dating back to when foreign trade began. Other cultural influences include the Persian, Arabic, and British cultures. Due to the structure of the government, coupled with the social contract theory, there has been minimal cultural assimilation of ethnic minorities.^[211]

In 1971, the government created a "National Cultural Policy", defining Malaysian culture. It stated that Malaysian culture must be based on the culture of the indigenous peoples of Malaysia, that it may incorporate suitable elements from other cultures, and that Islam must play a part in it.^[212] It also promoted the Malay language above others.^[213] This government intervention into culture has caused resentment among non-Malays who feel their cultural freedom was lessened. Both Chinese and Indian associations have submitted memorandums to the government, accusing it of formulating an undemocratic culture policy.^[212]

Some cultural disputes exist between Malaysia and neighbouring countries, notably Indonesia. The two countries have a similar cultural heritage, sharing many traditions and items. However, disputes have arisen over things ranging from culinary dishes to Malaysia's national anthem. Strong feelings exist in Indonesia about protecting their national heritage.^[214] The Malaysian government and the Indonesian government have met to defuse some of the tensions resulting from the overlaps in culture.^[215] Feelings are not as strong in Malaysia, where most recognise that many cultural values are shared.^[214]

Fine arts

See also: Music of Malaysia and Malaysian literature

Traditional Malaysian art was mainly centred around the areas of carving, weaving, and silversmithing.^[216] Traditional art ranges from handwoven baskets from rural areas to the silverwork of the Malay courts. Common artworks included ornamental kris, beetle nut sets, and woven batik and songket fabrics. Indigenous East Malaysians are known for their wooden masks.^[103] Each ethnic group have distinct performing arts, with little overlap between them. However, Malay art does show some North Indian influence due to the historical influence of India.^[217]

A batik craftsman making batik,Malaysian batik are usually patterned with floral motifs with light colouring.

Traditional Malay music and performing arts appear to have originated in the Kelantan-Pattani region with influences from India, China, Thailand and Indonesia. The music is based around percussion instruments,^[217] the most important of which is the gendang (drum). There are at least 14 types of traditional drums.^[218] Drums and other traditional percussion instruments and are often made from natural materials.^[218] Music is traditionally used for storytelling, celebrating life-cycle events, and occasions such as a harvest.^[217] It was once used as a form of long-distance communication.^[218] In East Malaysia, gong-based musical ensembles such as agung and kulintang are commonly used in ceremonies such as funerals and weddings.^[219] These ensembles are also common in neighbouring regions such as inMindanao in the Philippines, Kalimantan in Indonesia, and Brunei.^[219]

Malaysia has a strong oral tradition that has existed since before the arrival of writing, and continues today. Each of the Malay Sultanates created their own literary tradition, influenced by pre-existing oral stories and by the stories that came with Islam.^[220] The first Malay literature was in the Arabic script. The earliest known Malay writing is on the Terengganu stone, made in 1303.^[103] Chinese and Indian literature became common as the numbers of speakers increased in Malaysia, and locally produced works based in languages from those areas began to be produced in the 19th century.^[220] English has also become a common literary language.^[103] In 1971, the government took the step of defining the literature of different languages. Literature written in Malay was called "the national literature of Malaysia", literature in other bumiputera languages was called "regional literature", while literature in other languages was called "sectional literature".^[213] Malay poetry is highly developed, and uses many forms. The Hikayat form is popular, and the pantun has spread from Malay to other languages.^[220]

Cuisine

Main article: Malaysian cuisine

Teh tarik.

Nasi lemak.

The national drink and national dish of the country.^[221][222]

Malaysia's cuisine reflects the multi-ethnic makeup of its population.^[223] Many cultures from within the country and from surrounding regions have greatly influenced the cuisine. Much of the influence comes from the Malay, Chinese, Indian, Thai, Javanese, and Sumatran cultures,^[103] largely due to the country being part of the ancient spice route.^[224] The cuisine is very similar to that of Singapore and Brunei,^[119] and also bears resemblance to Filipino cuisine.^[103] The different states have varied dishes,^[119] and often the food in Malaysia is different from the original dishes.^[173]

Sometimes food not found in its original culture is assimilated into another; for example, Chinese restaurants in Malaysia often serve Malay dishes.^[225] Food from one culture is sometimes also cooked using styles taken from another culture,^[119]This means that although much of Malaysian food can be traced back to a certain culture, they have their own identity.^[224]Rice is popular in many dishes. Chili is commonly found in local cuisine, although this does not necessarily make them spicy.^[223]

Media

Main article: Media of Malaysia

Malaysia's main newspapers are owned by the government and political parties in the ruling coalition,^[226][227] although some major opposition parties also have their own, which are openly sold alongside regular newspapers. A divide exists between the media in the two halves of the country. Peninsular-based media gives low priority to news from the East, and often treats the eastern states as colonies of the Peninsula.^[228] The media have been blamed for increasing tension between Indonesia and Malaysia, and giving Malaysians a bad image of Indonesians.^[229] The country has Malay, English, Chinese, and Tamil dailies.^[228]

Freedom of the press is limited, with numerous restrictions on publishing rights and information dissemination.^[230] The government has previously tried to crack down on opposition papers before elections.^[227] In 2007, a government agency issued a directive to all private television and radio stations to refrain from broadcasting speeches made by opposition leaders,^[231] a move condemned by politicians from the opposition Democratic Action Party.^[232] Sabah, where all tabloids but one are independent of government control, has the freest press in Malaysia.^[228] Laws such as the Printing Presses and Publications Act have also been cited as curtailing freedom of expression.^[233]

Holidays and festivals

Main article: Public holidays in Malaysia

Southeast Asia's largest temple—Kek Lok Si in Penang—illuminated in preparation for the Lunar New Year

Malaysians observe a number of holidays and festivities throughout the year. Some are federally gazetted public holidays and some are observed by individual states. Other festivals are observed by particular ethnic or religion groups, and the main holiday of each major group has been declared a public holiday. The most observed national holiday is Hari Merdeka (Independence Day) on 31 August, commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya in 1957.^[103] Malaysia Day on 16 September commemorates federation in 1963.^[234] Other notable national holidays are Labour Day (1 May) and the King's birthday (first week of June).^[103]

Muslim holidays are prominent as Islam is the state religion; Hari Raya Puasa (also called Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Malay for Eid al-Fitr), Hari Raya Haji (also called Hari Raya Aidiladha, the translation of Eid ul-Adha), Maulidur Rasul (birthday of the Prophet), and others being observed.^[103] Malaysian Chinese celebrate festivals such as Chinese New Year and others relating to traditional Chinese beliefs. Hindus in Malaysia celebrate Deepavali, the festival of lights,^[192] while Thaipusam is a religious rite which sees pilgrims from all over the country converge at the Batu Caves.^[235] Malaysia's Christian community celebrates most of the holidays observed by Christians elsewhere, most notably Christmas and Easter. East Malaysians also celebrate a harvest festival known as Gawai.^[236] Despite most festivals being identified with a particular ethnic or religious group, celebrations are universal. In a custom known as "open house" Malaysians participate in the celebrations of others, often visiting the houses of those who identify with the festival.^[160]

Sports

Main article: Sport in Malaysia

The Sepang International Circuitduring the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prixwhich attracted many fans to the country.

Popular sports in Malaysia include football, badminton, field hockey, bowls, tennis, squash, martial arts, horse riding, sailing, and skate boarding.^[160] Football is the most popular sport in Malaysia and the country is currently studying the possibility of bidding as a joint host for 2034 FIFA World Cup.^[237] Badminton matches attract thousands of spectators, and since 1948 Malaysia has been one of three countries to hold the Thomas Cup.^[238] The Malaysian Lawn Bowls Federation was registered in 1997.^[239] Squash was brought to the country by members of the British army, with the first competition being held in 1939.^[240] The Squash Racquets Association Of Malaysiawas created on 25 June 1972.^[241] Malaysia has proposed a Southeast Asian football league.^[242] The men's national field hockey teamranked 13th in the world as of November 2013.^[243] The 3rd Hockey World Cup was hosted at Merdeka Stadium in Kuala Lumpur, as well as the 10th cup.^[244] The country also has its own Formula One track–the Sepang International Circuit. It runs for 310.408 kilometres (192.88 mi), and held its first Grand Prix in 1999.^[245]

The Federation of Malaya Olympic Council was formed in 1953, and received recognition by the IOC in 1954. It first participated in the1956 Melbourne Olympic Games. The council was renamed the Olympic Council of Malaysia in 1964, and has participated in all but one Olympic games since its inception. The largest number of athletes ever sent to the Olympics was 57 to the 1972 Munich Olympic Games.^[246] Malaysian athletes have won a total of six Olympic medals, five in Badminton, one in Platform diving.^[247] The country has competed at the Commonwealth Gamessince 1950 as Malaya, and 1966 as Malaysia, and the games were hosted in Kuala Lumpur in 1998.^[248][249] The most common indigenous martial arts are silat and kickboxing ortomoi.

Source: Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia